COOL LIGHT LEADS TO GREENER CHIPS

[Anonymous]

Cool light leads to greener chips

A technique that could lead to cheap, environmentally friendly microchips has been developed by UK researchers.

The team from University College London used low-temperature,
ultraviolet lamps to make silicon dioxide, a vital component of almost
all modern chips.

Chip manufacturers currently use energy-intensive furnaces, heated to more than 1,000C, to make the material.

The new technique operates at room temperature and so requires less power and fewer resources.

“This finding means that the industry’s energy, and subsequent cost
savings, could reduce the prices of electronic devices for consumers
and, of course, create a positive environmental impact,” said Professor
Ian Boyd of UCL, a member of the team behind the discovery.

Complex designs

Microchips are composed of complex electrical circuits made of a variety of silicon components, such as transistors.

A transistor is a basic electronic switch. Every chip needs large
numbers of them, sometimes hundreds of millions to function. The more
there are, the more calculations they can do.

It opens the door to a whole array of technologies and possibilities Professor Ian Boyd

These transistors are made of a combination of a conducting material,
to channel the electrical charge through the device, and an insulator
that inhibits the flow of electricity.

A common insulator is the oxidised form of silicon, silicon dioxide.

The compound can also be used to channel electrical charge in memory devices.

It is also often used as a “mask” that allows manufacturers to
precisely pattern the chips with other elements to change the
electrical properties of specific areas.

For example, phosphorous atoms are commonly added to parts of the silicon to increase conductivity.

This process, known as “doping”, allows chip-makers to change the
electrical properties of specific areas of the chip to create precise
pathways through which charge can flow.

These form the intricate circuits needed in modern devices.

Chip size

Silicon dioxide forms very slowly at room temperature.

In order to speed up the process, chip-makers heat the silicon wafers,
from which chips are cut, to between 900C and 1,200C in the presence of
oxygen.

This consumes a huge amount of energy.

Also, as the wafer is heated, chip components that have already been incorporated can warp and distort its structure.

This is a particular problem as researchers continue to chase Moore’s
Law, which says the number of transistors on a chip will double every
couple of years.

As manufacturers try to squeeze smaller and smaller components on to chips, they are packed closer together.

Heating the wafer with these densely packed chips can cause
contamination of individual components as they become more fluid and
“bleed” into one another.

A low temperature manufacturing process would overcome
these problems and allow chip-makers to continue to push the boundaries
of chip size.

Cool temperature

The new technique uses a lamp that emits light from deep within the UV spectrum at a wavelength of 126 nanometres.

The UV lamp is about 30cm long and looks like a common fluorescent
tube. It is filled with argon gas that has a high voltage applied to
it.

These techniques cannot be used for electronics because the defect densities are far too high Dr Douglas Paul, University of Cambridge

The emitted light causes oxygen molecules to break down into separate
atoms. This dissociation creates one atom with a lot of energy and one
with much less.

The energetic atoms are the most useful for creating silicon dioxide.

“They’re very aggressive, they’re very keen to oxidise the silicon,” explained Professor Boyd.

“You don’t even need to heat the silicon,” he said. “It oxidises at room temperature.”

Future products

However, the silicon industry demands pure materials to manufacture microchips.

According to Dr Douglas Paul, of the University of Cambridge
semiconductor physics group, this may be the technique’s biggest
stumbling block.

“There have been many people who have shown similar
results but all these techniques cannot be used for electronics because
the defect densities are far too high,” he said.

“By growing thermal oxides at high temperatures in present
microelectronics manufacturing processes (from 700 to 1,000 degrees C)
most of the defects are all annealed out and you end up with an
extremely low defect density”.

Professor Boyd admits that prolonged exposure to other UV
wavelengths produces defects, but points out that his technique employs
a wavelength of light that has never been used before.

The next stage, he says, is to try the technique in
clean-room facilities, similar to those used in chip-making plants, to
prove the technology works on an industrial scale.

The team says it is already talking to companies about using the technique.

The researchers believe that eventually it could be used not just in
chip manufacturing but also to create circuits on other materials
including cloth, for smart clothing, paper for electronic books or in
plastic electronics.

“It opens the door to a whole array of technologies and possibilities,” said Professor Boyd.

[Author]

June 30, 2006 at 11:57 AM